Tshuaj Ntsuam Kev Sib Xws

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Xov Xwm Tsuas yog 5% ntawm POPULATION yuav paub

Dab tsi yog qhov kwv yees tshuaj lom neeg?

Kev Xam Xaj Tshuaj yog ib hom kev piav qhia txog kev hloov tshuaj uas lub npe ntawm txhua qhov khoom siv tshuaj yuav raug hloov los ntawm lawv cov cim qhia tshuaj.

Hauv Kev Siv Tshuaj Lom Zem, cov xub taw qhia yog sawv cev ntawm qhov kev coj ua tshuaj tiv thaiv. Rau cov kev tawm tsam ib-txoj kev tshua, peb yuav qhia los ntawm tus taw ntawm sab laug rau sab xis. Yog li cov tshuaj ntawm sab laug yuav koom nrog, thiab ib qho nyob sab xis yuav yog qhov khoom.

Ntsuas Cov Lus Sib Piv

Kev sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas suav tag nrho tus nqi thiab tus lej ntawm atoms rau txhua ntu hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tib yam rau ob qho tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab Cheebtsam. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov loj thiab them nyiaj ntawm ob sab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sib npaug.

Piv txwv ntawm Cov Tsis Muaj Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab Kev Sib Ntsuas

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog teev rau hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj, tab sis cov khoom uas xav tau los ua kom tiav kev txuag ntawm huab hwm coj tsis sau tseg. Qhov kev sib npaug no, piv txwv, yog tsis sib npaug ntawm cov huab hwm coj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau oxide thiab carbon los ua hlau thiab carbon dioxide:

Fe₂O₃ + C → Fe + CO₂

Vim tias tsis muaj ions ntawm ob sab ntawm qhov sib npaug, tus nqi them yog tus sib npaug (nuj nqi nruab nrab nruab nrab).
Ntawm cov reactants ib feem ntawm qhov sib npaug (mus rau sab laug ntawm lub xub), muaj ob lub hlau atoms, tab sis tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom seem (txoj cai ntawm tus xub). Koj tuaj yeem hais qhov sib npaug tsis suav tab txawm tias koj tsis suav lwm cov atoms 'ntau.
Ntawm ob sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm lub xub, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib txig sib luag yog kom tau txais tib tus lej ntawm txhua hom atom. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov zauv (cov lej tau muab tso rau sab xub ntiag ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw). Subscripts (cov lej me ntawm sab xis ntawm qee qhov atoms, xws li hlau thiab oxygen nyob rau hauv qhov no) yeej tsis hloov.

Qhov seem sib npaug yog:

2 Fe₂O₃ + 3 C → 4 Fe + ib 3 CO₂

Dab tsi yog qhov khoom hauv chemistry?

Saib xyuas, txhua yam pom, suav nrog peb tus kheej lub cev, yog khoom. Muaj cov khoom ntuj tsim xws li tsiaj, nroj tsuag, dej ntws, av ... yog khoom tsim.

Cov khoom ntuj tsim muaj ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Thiab khoom cuav yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv. Txhua cov khoom siv yog khoom sib xyaw lossis qee qhov sib xyaw. Piv txwv li: Aluminium, plastics, glass, ...

Dab tsi yog lawv lub zog?

Txhua yam khoom muaj qee yam khoom: lub xeev lossis daim ntawv (cov khoom ua kua, roj, roj) xim, tsw thiab saj. Muab xam los yog insoluble hauv dej ... Melting point, kub taw tes, lub nqus dej tshwj xeeb, hluav taws xob conductivity, thiab lwm yam.

Thiab muaj peev xwm hloov pauv mus rau lwm yam tshuaj, piv txwv li, lub peev xwm los decompose, khiav ... yog cov cuab yeej tshuaj lom neeg.

Dab tsi yog atom?

Txhua qhov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom me me, hluav taws xob nruab nrab hu ua atoms. Muaj ntau kaum tawm lab tus sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib txawv, tab sis tsuas yog ntau tshaj 100 hom atoms.

Lub atom muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov roj ntsha muaj nuj nqi thiab lub plhaub ua los ntawm ib lossis ntau qhov tsis zoo raug them cov hluav taws xob

Kev sib txuas ua ke

Kuj paub zoo li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluavtaws. Ib hom kev nquag tshwm sim sib xyaw ua ke yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom nrog oxygen los ua ib qho oxide. Nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej, cov hlau thiab cov tsis sib haum puav leej muaj lub cev nrog oxygen. Thaum zes hluav taws, magnesium hnov ​​mob sai thiab nrawm, cuam tshuam nrog oxygen los ntawm huab cua los tsim cov nplua zoo magnesium oxide hmoov.

Cl₂ + Be => BeCl₂ 2al ib + 3br ua₂ => 2AlBr₃ Fe + S => FeS Cao + H₂O => Ca (OH)₂ C₂H₂ + HCl => C₂H₃Cl C₂H₂ + 2HCHO => HOCH₂CCCH₂OH Txhuam₄ + Sn => 2SnCl₂ Saib Tag Nrho Kev Sib Tham Ua Ke

Kev txiav txim siab lwj

Ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab cuam tshuam nrog kub, taws, lossis hluav taws xob rau lub zog. Binary compounds yog cov sib txuas uas muaj tsuas yog ob lub ntsiab lus. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom decomposition yog thaum binary compound sib txuas zom zaws nws cov ntsiab lus. Mercury (II) oxide, ib qho xim liab, ua rau lub cev tsim cov mercury thiab cov pa oxygen thaum ua kom sov. Tsis tas li, ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv yog suav tias yog kev tiv thaiv kom tsis haum txawm hais tias ib lossis ntau qhov khoom lag luam tseem yog qhov sib txuas. Cov hlau carbonate sib tsoo ua rau cov hlau oxide thiab carbon dioxide roj. Calcium carbonate piv txwv decomposes rau hauv calcium oxide thiab carbon dioxide.

CaCO₃ => CaO + CO₂ C₄H₁₀ => CH₄ + C₃H₆ 2 KMnO₄ => MnO₂ + O₂ + K₂MnO₄ 2H₃PO₄ => H₂O + H₄P₂O₇ Hg (OH)₂ => H₂O + HgO 4Al (TSIS MUAJ₃)₃ => 2Al₂O₃ + 12 NEEJ₂ + 3O₂ 2HI => H₂ + I₂ Saib Txhua yam kev txiav txim siab tsis zoo

Oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Kev txo lub zog oxidation-txo (redox) yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj kev hloov hluav taws xob ntawm ob hom. Qhov oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tshuaj tshwm sim hauv cov oxidation naj npawb ntawm cov qauv, atom, lossis ion pauv los ntawm nce los yog poob rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob. Cov kev rov ua paug Redox yog ib qho thiab tseem ceeb heev rau qee qhov ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub neej, suav nrog photosynthesis, kev ua pa, kev tawm tsam, thiab xeb lossis xeb.

Zn + CuCl₂ => Cu + ZnCl₂ 4 FeCO₃ + O₂ => 2Fe₂O₃ + 4CO₂ KF => F₂ + K 6 LiJ + N₂ => 2Li₃N 4CuO => O₂ + 2Cu₂O 4HCl ib + O₂ => 2Cl₂ + 2H₂O H₂SO₄ + K₂SO₃ => H₂O + SO₂ + K₂SO₄ Saib Tag nrho Oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Ib leeg hloov pauv

A + BC → AC + B Element A yog hlau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no feem ntau thiab hloov cov khoom B, hlau ua nyob rau hauv cov khoom sib txuas ua ke. Yog tias lub hloov hloov pauv tsis yog hlau, nws yuav tsum hloov lwm yam tsis yog hlau nyob hauv cov khoom sib txuas, thiab nws dhau los ua qhov sib npaug. Ntau cov hlau cuam tshuam tau yooj yim nrog cov kua qaub, thiab ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lawv ua yog hydrogen roj. Zinc reacts rau aqueous zinc chloride thiab hydrogen nrog hydrochloride acid (saib daim duab hauv qab).

CH₃Cl + CH₃COOH => HCl + CH₃COOCH₃ Br₂ + 2AgI => 2AgBr + I₂ 2T₂ + CH₂Cl₂ => HCl + CHCl₃ 3T₂ + 6Fe (TSIS MUAJ₃)₂ => 4Fe (TSIS MUAJ₃)₃ + 2 FeCo₃ Zn + CuSO₄ => Cu + ZnSO₄ Fe + H₂SO₄ => H₂ + FeSO₄ NaOH + C₂H₅Cl => C₂H₅OH + NaCl Saib Tag nrho Tib-hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Muab ob npaug rau hloov pauv

AB + CD → AD + CB A thiab C yog cov ntawv sau nqi raug them zoo hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, thaum B thiab D yog qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo. Kev hloov pauv ob leeg feem ntau tshwm sim hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov sib txuas. Ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj, ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam feem ntau yog cov khoom siv dej nag lossis roj, lossis roj, lossis cov sib tov molecular zoo li dej. Ib cov ntawv npliag nyob rau hauv ob-hloov kev hloov pauv thaum cov cations los ntawm ib qho reactant sib txuas los ua cov insoluble ionic compound nrog cov anions los ntawm lwm cov reactant. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no tshwm sim thaum kev daws teeb meem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj potassium iodide thiab lead (II) nitrate tau sib xyaw.

AgNO₃ + HCl => AgCl + HNO₃ H₂S + 2NaOH => 2H₂O + Na₂S H₂SO₄ + Case₃ => H₂O + SO₂ + Case₄ Cu (TSIS MUAJ₃)₂ + 2NaOH => Cu (OH)₂ + 2 NAOJ₃ Cuo + 2HCl => H₂O + CuCl₂ AlCl₃ + Fe₂(LI₄)₃ => NaOH + HLO₂.H₂O => 2H₂O + NaAlO₂ Saib Tag nrho Ob-hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Saib Peb Lub Suab Sib Piv Dictionaru Lub Vev Xaib Ua Lus Sib Xws

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